Gray Zone conflicts

The article argues that the U.S. faces a critical gap between how confident its strategic decisions appear and how reliable they actually are, particularly in Gray Zone conflicts. It identifies institutional overconfidence as a structural problem in national security decision-making, where judgments expressed with 80-90% confidence often prove accurate only 50-70% of the time in complex environments. The author uses Afghanistan as a case study of how extensive analysis and documentation failed to create a unified learning system to prevent strategic failures.