After the US-Iran MoU: Diplomacy’s unfinished business

The US and Iran have escalated military actions following a memorandum of understanding (MoU) that temporarily paused their conflict, with the US conducting precision strikes in southern Iran and Iran retaliating with ballistic missile attacks. Tensions over control of the Strait of Hormuz, a critical energy export route, have intensified as commercial shipping retreats and oil prices rise, highlighting unresolved issues from the MoU.